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Using ‘real life’ analogies to get past scientific uncertainty on climate change

Guest post by Rose Hendricks

Many people still treat global warming as a contentious political issue, instead of one backed by scientific consensus. For example, in a recent Pew survey, only 48% of all US adults agreed that the Earth is warming mostly due to human activity. This finding is frustrating to many science communicators, who may feel that they’ve bombarded the public with messages of human-caused global warming, to no avail. At first, it may seem like many US adults have somehow missed out on these warnings that global warming is a serious threat, one requiring urgent actions, but research has begun to reveal that instead of simply communicating more about global warming, it’s important to reconsider how we’re communicating — particularly when it comes to galvanizing support for public policy changes.

A recent paper published in PLOS ONE, The Promise and Limitations of Using Analogies to Improve Decision-Relevant Understanding of Climate Change, suggests that analogies comparing climate change to issues people are more familiar with can help them recognize features of climate change that can guide decisions for reasoning about it. The researchers, Kaitlin Raimi, Paul Stern, and Alexander Maki, tested the effects of 3 different analogies: one that compared global warming to a medical situation, another to a natural disaster, and the third to a courtroom trial.

Participants read just one of these analogies, and were asked how helpful the information had been. People who had received one of these analogies rated the information as more helpful than people who had received the same kind of information without an analogy.

In general, the medical analogy reduced the polarization in climate change beliefs between liberals and conservatives by helping people, especially the most skeptical ones, consider how important it is to address climate change. Consider these similarities between climate change and medical diseases:

  • Risks are often caused or aggravated by human behavior.
  • Processes are often progressive.
  • Produce symptoms outside the normal range of past experience.
  • Uncertainties in prognosis of future events.
  • Treatment often involves trade offs, or side-effects.
  • Most effective approach is often to treat the underlying problem, instead of just alleviating symptoms.
  • Hard to reverse.

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Image by Takver, Flickr

Compared to people who read about the courtroom or natural disaster or no analogy at all, people who read the comparison of climate change to a medical disease agreed more with statements like the following:

  • Climate change will get worse if we don’t do something about it
  • Climate change is hard to reverse
  • Climate change may cause catastrophes, such as storms, floods, and wildfires greater than ever seen before
  • The things that people do that cause climate change also promote human comfort and convenience

They also found that endorsement of these analogy-suggested statements was especially strong for conservative study participants. Public opinion surveys show that more political conservatives now agree with the dominant US public opinion that global warming is happening, including a near majority of Trump voters — but only 20 percent (or fewer) of Trump voters accepted the scientific consensus that human activity is its major cause, as shown in this detail from the Pew election-year survey. And it is this latter opinion that may be most crucial for amassing public support in favor of taking effective climate change actions.

Detail from Pew Research Center Survey conducted May 10-Jun 6, 2016 “The Politics of Climate Change.” Red/light red =conservative/tend conservative; blue/ light blue liberal/tend liberal
Detail from Pew Research Center Survey, conducted May 10-Jun 6, 2016; “The Politics of Climate Change.” Red/light red = conservative/tend conservative; blue/ light blue = liberal/tend liberal.

Liberals were likely to already agree with the statements (in the analogy offered by researchers), but conservatives who read about the medical analogy endorsed them more than those who read the same information that wasn’t framed as an analogy.

This work provides a promising alternative for helping people think about climate change as an issue that requires decision making under uncertainty. Most people are already familiar with the consequences of many diseases — for example, we often know that someone has a disease, why they have it, and the likely symptoms, but we may not necessarily know exactly how much they’ll be affected or when. In this work, when an analogy encouraged people to draw connections between their background knowledge of medical diseases and global warming, they had a framework to fit the otherwise abstract and seemingly controversial idea of climate change into, which helped them think about the necessity of making decisions.

Weighing study limitations

These results are encouraging, but we should also take them with a grain of salt. In a second experiment designed to replicate the first, the medical analogy didn’t seem as effective as it did the first time in encouraging people to consider the urgency of making decisions to minimize global warming. Similarly, conservatives were no longer the ones who changed their views more as a result of reading the medical analogy; this time the liberal participants did (though combining the data from the two studies suggested that conservatives indeed did experience a larger opinion shift as a result of the analogy). In general, the medical analogy decreased the partisan polarization in climate change beliefs, generally facilitating consideration of the importance of addressing climate change among more skeptical participants.

There were also other measures that we might have hoped the medical analogy would improve, but it didn’t: for example, people were not more likely to endorse pro-environmental policy changes after reading the medical analogy than no analogy. Thus, the effect of the medical analogy for thinking about global warming seems to be a weak one, only helpful for thinking about some aspects of the issue. It does not yet seem that we’ve found the panacea for communicating this urgent topic, but this work provides a promising next step for communication efforts and further research.

We invite readers to share analogies that have been helpful (or hurtful!) for discussing the sensitive topic of climate change.

2fcb8d9f0c4c02f4404764541da699d6_400x400Rose Hendricks is a PhD Candidate in Cognitive Science at UC San Diego. Her research is focused on the way that metaphor shapes the way we perceive and reason about the world. She writes about cognitive science, science communication, and PhD life at rosehendricks.com. @RoHendricks

Discussion
  1. Analogies that fail to link pH-taxis, chemotaxis, thermotaxis and phototaxis from microRNA biogenesis and microRNA flanking sequences to hydrogen energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and autophagy do not link everything currently known about nutritional epigenetics from alternative splicings of pre-messenger RNA to nutrient-dependent amino acid substitutions.

    For contrast, feedback loops link odors and pheromones to the physiology of reproduction in all vertebrates via substitution of achiral glycine in position 6 of the gonadotropin releasing hormone decapeptide. The feedback loops link viral latency to healthy longevity in all living genera

    The failure to restore RNA-mediated viral latency can now be placed into the context of three recent additions to the Merriam-Webster dictionary:

    Phytoremediation,
    Microbiome,
    and
    CRISPR.

    Taken together, the dictionary definition of these terms replaces analogies and ideas about evolved biodiversity that were based on de Vries 1902 definition of mutation. That definition led to the assumptions of population geneticists who never linked energy-dependent metabolic networks to genetic networks via endogenous RNA interference and the physiology of reproduction.

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